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Chromium released from leather – I: exposure conditions that govern the release of chromium( III ) and chromium( VI )
Author(s) -
Hedberg Yolanda S.,
Lidén Carola,
Odnevall Wallinder Inger
Publication year - 2015
Publication title -
contact dermatitis
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.524
H-Index - 96
eISSN - 1600-0536
pISSN - 0105-1873
DOI - 10.1111/cod.12329
Subject(s) - chromium , chemistry , population , authorization , occupational exposure , toxicology , nuclear chemistry , environmental chemistry , medicine , organic chemistry , biology , medical emergency , computer security , environmental health , computer science
Summary Background Approximately 1–3% of the adult population in Europe is allergic to chromium ( Cr ). A new restriction in REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals) based on the ISO 17075 standard has recently been adopted in the EU to limit Cr ( VI ) in consumer and occupational leather products. Objectives The aim of this study was to critically assess key experimental parameters in this standard on the release of Cr ( III ) and Cr ( VI ) and their relevance for skin exposure. Material and methods Four differently tanned, unfinished, leather samples were systematically investigated for their release of Cr ( III ) and Cr ( VI ) in relation to surface area, key exposure parameters, temperature, ultraviolet irradiation, and time. Results Although the total release of Cr was largely unaffected by all investigated parameters, except exposure duration and temperature, the Cr oxidation state was highly dynamic, with reduced amounts of released Cr ( VI ) with time, owing to the simultaneous release of reducing agents from the leather. Significantly more Cr ( III ) than Cr ( VI ) was released from the Cr ‐tanned leather for all conditions tested, and it continued to be released in artificial sweat up to at least 1 week of exposure. Conclusions Several parameters were identified that influenced the outcome of the ISO 17075 test.