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The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of carbon ion radiation therapy (CIRT), proton radiation therapy (PRT), and photon‐based intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in the treatment of sinonasal malignancies. We identified studies through systematic review and divided them into three cohorts (CIRT group/PRT group/IMRT group). Primary outcomes of interest were overall survival (OS) and local control (LC). We pooled the outcomes with meta‐analysis and compared the survival difference among groups using Chi 2  ( χ  2 ) test. A representative sample of 2282 patients with sinonasal malignancies (911 in the CIRT group, 599 in the PRT group, and 772 in the IMRT group) from 44 observation studies (7 CIRT, 16 PRT, and 21 IMRT) was included. The pooled 3‐year OS, LC, distant metastasis–free survival, and progression‐free survival rates were 67.0%, 72.8%, 69.4%, and 52.8%, respectively. Through cross‐group analysis, the OS was significantly higher after CIRT (75.1%, 95% CI: 67.1%‐83.2%) than PRT (66.2%, 95% CI: 57.7%‐74.6%;  χ  2  = 13.374,  P  < .0001) or IMRT (63.8%, 95% CI: 55.3%‐72.3%;  χ  2  = 23.814,  P  < .0001). LC was significantly higher after CIRT (80.2%, 95% CI: 73.9%‐86.5%) than PRT (72.9%, 95% CI: 63.7%‐82.0%;  χ  2  = 8.955,  P  = .003) or IMRT (67.8%, 95% CI: 59.4%‐76.2%;  χ  2  = 30.955,  P  < .0001). However, no significant difference between PRT and IMRT for OS and LC was observed. CIRT appeared to provide better OS and LC for patients with malignancies of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. A prospective randomized clinical trial is needed to confirm the superiority of CIRT in the treatment of sinonasal tumors.

Carbon ion radiation therapy for sinonasal malignancies: Promising results from 2282 cases from the real world