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Hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) and biliary tract cancer are more frequent in East Asia including Japan than in Europe or North America. A compilation of 1340 multi‐ethnic  HCC  genomes, the largest cohort ever reported, identified a comprehensive landscape of  HCC  driver genes, comprised of three core drivers (  TP 53 ,   TERT  , and  WNT  signaling) and combinations of infrequent alterations in various cancer pathways. In contrast, five core driver genes (  TP 53 ,   ARID 1A ,   KRAS  ,   SMAD 4 , and   BAP 1 ) with characteristic molecular alterations including fusion transcripts involving fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 and the protein kinase A pathway, and   IDH 1/2  mutation constituted the biliary tract cancer genomes. Consistent with their heterogeneous epidemiological backgrounds, mutational signatures and combinations of non‐core driver genes within these cancer genomes were found to be complex. Integrative analyses of multi‐omics data identified molecular classifications of these tumors that are associated with clinical outcome and enrichments of potential therapeutic targets, including immune checkpoint molecules. Translating comprehensive molecular‐genomic analysis together with further basic research and international collaborations are highly anticipated for developing precise and better treatments, diagnosis, and prevention of these tumor types.

Molecular genomic landscapes of hepatobiliary cancer