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Cancer stem cells ( CSC s) are thought to play important roles in cancer malignancy. Previously, we successfully induced sphere cancer stem‐like cells ( CSLC s) from several cell lines and observed the property of chemoresistance. In the present study, we examined the metastatic potential of these induced  CSLC s. Sphere cancer stem‐like cells were induced from a human hepatoma cell line ( SK ‐ HEP ‐1) in a unique medium containing neural survival factor‐1. Splenic injection of cells into immune‐deficient mice was used to assess hematogenous liver metastasis. Transcriptomic strand‐specific  RNA ‐sequencing analysis, quantitative real‐time  PCR , and flow cytometry were carried out to examine the expression of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition ( EMT )‐related genes. Splenic injection of  CSLC s resulted in a significantly increased frequency of liver metastasis compared to parental cancer cells ( P  < .05). In  CSLC s, a mesenchymal marker, Vimentin, and  EMT ‐promoting transcription factors, Snail and Twist1, were upregulated compared to parental cells. Correspondingly, significant enrichment of the molecular signature of the  EMT  in  CSLC s relative to parental cancer cells was shown ( q  < 0.01) by  RNA ‐sequencing analysis. This analysis also revealed differential expression of  CD 44 isoforms between  CSLC s and parental cancer cells. Increasing  CD 44 isoforms containing an extra exon were observed, and the standard  CD 44 isoform decreased in  CSLC s compared to parental cells. Interestingly, another  CD 44 variant isoform encoding a short cytoplasmic tail was also upregulated in  CSLC s (11.7‐fold). Our induced  CSLC s possess an increased liver metastatic potential in which promotion of the  EMT  and upregulation of  CD 44 variant isoforms, especially short‐tail, were observed.

Metastatic ability and the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition in induced cancer stem‐like hepatoma cells