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Hepatocellular carcinoma develops in either chronically injured or seemingly intact livers. To explore the tumorigenic mechanisms underlying these different conditions, we compared the  mRNA  expression profiles of mouse hepatocellular tumors induced by the repeated injection of  CC l 4  or a single diethylnitrosamine ( DEN ) injection using a  cDNA  microarray. We identified tumor‐associated genes that were expressed differentially in the cirrhotic  CC l 4  model ( H19 ,  Igf2 ,  Cbr3 , and  Krt20 ) and the non‐cirrhotic  DEN  model ( Tff3 ,  Akr1c18 ,  Gpc3 ,  Afp , and  Abcd2 ) as well as genes that were expressed comparably in both models ( Ly6d ,  Slpi ,  Spink3 ,  Scd2 , and  Cpe ). The levels and patterns of  mRNA  expression of these genes were validated by quantitative  RT ‐ PCR  analyses. Most of these genes were highly expressed in mouse livers during the fetal/neonatal periods. We also examined the  mRNA  expression of these genes in mouse tumors induced by thioacetamide, another cirrhotic inducer, and those that developed spontaneously in non‐cirrhotic livers and found that they shared a similar expression profile as that observed in  CC l 4 ‐induced and  DEN ‐induced tumors, respectively. There was a close relationship between the expression levels of  Igf2  and  H19   mRNA , which were activated in the cirrhotic models. Our results show that mouse liver tumors reactivate fetal/neonatal genes, some of which are specific to cirrhotic or non‐cirrhotic modes of pathogenesis.

Differential reactivation of fetal/neonatal genes in mouse liver tumors induced in cirrhotic and non‐cirrhotic conditions