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Objectives  The identification of positive psychological changes, including benefit finding ( BF ), in chronic illness has gained substantial interest. However, less is known about  BF  in the context of a positive medical intervention. End‐stage renal disease ( ESRD ) can be regarded as a burdensome condition, but transplantation is expected to restore physical and psychological functioning to a large extent after a period of illness. The aim of this study was to examine (1) changes in  BF  from pre‐ to 12 months post‐transplantation, (2) the concurrent association of disease‐related characteristics and optimism to  BF , and (3) the potential causal relations between  BF  and distress.    Methods  In this longitudinal study, 319 patients completed questionnaires before, 3 months, 6 months, and/or 12 months post‐transplantation. Multilevel models were used for the analyses. Measures included the Illness Cognitions Questionnaire to measure  BF , the Life Orientation Test to measure optimism, and the General Health Questionnaire to measure distress.    Results  Benefit finding increased from pre‐ to post‐transplantation. Fewer symptoms and comorbidities, and more optimism, were related to more  BF  over all time‐points. The direction of the relation between  BF  and distress changed over time. Before transplantation, distress predicted an increase in  BF , whereas post‐transplantation, distress predicted a decrease in  BF . The causal relation between  BF  and distress post‐transplantation appeared to be reciprocal.    Conclusions  A positive medical intervention such as renal transplantation might facilitate the development of  BF . This study indicates the need for longitudinal research on the relation between  BF  and psychological health in the face of positive events.Statement of contribution    What is already known on this subject?Benefit finding refers to the identification of positive psychological changes following a negative life event.  Individuals can experience benefit finding following chronic illness.  The positive event of kidney transplantation is associated with improvements in patients’ physical and psychological functioning.What does this study add?Benefit finding increases from pre‐ to post‐kidney transplantation.  Fewer symptoms and comorbidities, and higher optimism are related to more benefit finding.  Before transplantation, distress predicts an increase in benefit finding.  After transplantation, there appears to be a reciprocal relation between distress and benefit finding such that distress predicts a decrease in benefit finding and benefit finding predicts a decrease in distress.

Benefit finding in renal transplantation and its association with psychological and clinical correlates: A prospective study