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Background  This is the first large‐scale Russian study describing semen quality and reproductive hormone levels among young men.    Objectives  The aim of the study was to compare semen quality and reproductive hormone levels in young men of four cities and three ethnic groups living in the Siberian region of Russia and to find out ethnic or environmental reasons for regional differences.    Materials and methods  The study population consisted of 1291 young men from Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Ulan‐Ude, and Yakutsk, including 1013 men of three most numerous ethnic groups: Slavs, Buryats, and Yakuts. Each participant provided one sperm and blood sample, information about lifestyle and ethnicity. Anthropometric parameters, semen quality and reproductive hormone levels, were evaluated.    Results  Significant regional and ethnic differences were detected for semen and reproductive hormone parameters. Median sperm concentrations in Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Ulan‐Ude, and Yakutsk were 54.6, 39.9, 34.7, 33.1 × 10 6 /ml; total sperm counts—202.5, 138.7, 97.9, 93.4 × 10 6 ; percentages of morphologically normal spermatozoa—7.8%, 6.5%, 6.3%, 5.0%, respectively. Median sperm concentrations in Slavs, Buryats, and Yakuts were 43.7, 37.0, 30.6 × 10 6 /ml; total sperm counts—150.0, 102.3 and 74.8 × 10 6 ; percentages of morphologically normal spermatozoa—6.8%, 6.8%, 4.8%, respectively.    Discussion  The young men in Novosibirsk and Kemerovo, populated by Slavs, had a higher semen quality compared to Ulan‐Ude and Yakutsk, populated by Buryats and Yakuts, apparently due to the higher testicular function in Slavic compared to Asian ethnicity. Impaired spermatogenesis in young men in Kemerovo compared to Novosibirsk, located in the same climatic zone and having a socio‐cultural and ethnic identity, may be due to the influence of a polluted environment.    Conclusion  The findings suggest that ethnic composition and environment may be responsible for regional differences in semen and reproductive hormone parameters.

Regional and ethnic differences in semen quality and reproductive hormones in Russia: A Siberian population‐based cohort study of young men