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Objective  To examine the association between different levels of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) symptoms and sex differences in psychosocial outcomes during adolescence.    Method  Swedish children ( n  = 4635) were screened for neuropsychiatric symptoms at age 9 or 12.  ADHD  symptoms were divided into three levels: screen‐negative, screen‐intermediate, and screen‐positive. At follow‐up (age 15), parents and teenagers filled out questionnaires regarding (i) hyperactivity/inattention, (ii) peer problems, (iii) school problems, (iv) internalizing problems, (v) antisocial behaviour, (vi) alcohol misuse, and (vii) drug misuse. All outcomes were controlled for symptoms of diagnostic categories other than  ADHD .    Results  Increasing levels of  ADHD  symptoms in childhood were associated with higher proportions of adolescents who displayed negative psychosocial outcomes. More girls than boys reported internalizing problems (all levels) and risky drug use (screen‐intermediate and screen‐positive only). More boys reported antisocial behaviour at the screen‐negative and screen‐intermediate levels, but at the screen‐positive level, similar proportions of girls and boys displayed antisocial behaviour.    Conclusion  The findings support the view that  ADHD  symptoms, as well as their negative outcomes, are dimensionally distributed in the population and that adolescent girls and boys display different risk profiles. The findings confirm that  ADHD  symptoms are associated with higher risk of drug misuse in girls.

Subthreshold and threshold attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in childhood: psychosocial outcomes in adolescence in boys and girls