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Summary  The toxoflavin (Txn), broad host range phytotoxin produced by a variety of bacteria, including  Burkholderia glumae , is a key pathogenicity factor of  B. glumae  in rice and field crops. Two bacteria exhibiting Txn‐degrading activity were isolated from healthy rice seeds and identified as  Sphingomonas adhaesiva  and  Agrobacterium  sp. respectively. The genes  stdR  and  stdA , encoding proteins responsible for Txn degradation of both bacterial isolates, were identical, indicating that horizontal gene transfer occurred between microbial communities in the same ecosystem. We identified a novel Txn‐quenching regulation of bacteria, demonstrating that the LysR‐type transcriptional regulator (LTTR) StdR induces the expression of the  stdA , which encodes a Txn‐degrading enzyme, in the presence of Txn as a coinducer. Here we show that the bacterial StdR Txn ‐quenching regulatory system mimics the ToxR Txn ‐mediated biosynthetic regulation of  B. glumae . Substrate specificity investigations revealed that Txn is the only coinducer of StdR and that StdA has a high degree of specificity for Txn. Rice plants expressing StdA showed Txn resistance. Collectively, bacteria mimic the mechanism of Txn biosynthesis regulation, employ it in the development of a Txn‐quenching regulatory system and share it with neighbouring bacteria for survival in rice environments full of Txn.

A novel toxoflavin‐quenching regulation in bacteria and its application to resistance cultivars