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Summary  Although many biocontrol bacteria can be used to improve plant tolerance to stresses and to promote plant growth, the hostile environmental conditions on plant phyllosphere and the limited knowledge on bacterial colonization on plant phyllosphere minimized the beneficial effects produced by the biocontrol bacteria.  Rhodopseudomonas palustris  strain  GJ ‐22 is known as a phyllosphere biocontrol agent. In this paper, we described detailed processes of strain  GJ ‐22 colony establishment at various colonization stages. Four different types of bacterial colonies, Type 1, scattered single cells; Type 2, small cell clusters; Type 3, small cell aggregates; and Type 4, large cell aggregates, were observed in the course of bacterial colonization. We categorized bacterial colonization into four phases, which were, Phase I: bacterial colony exists as Type 1 and cell population reduced quickly; Phase  II : Type 1 evolved into Type 2 and cell population remained steady; Phase  III : Type 3 arose and replaced Type 2, and cell population expanded slowly; and Phase  IV : Type 3 matured into Type 4 and cell population increased quickly. We have shown that the preferable location sites of bacterial aggregates on leaf phyllosphere are grooves between plant epidermal cells. Analyses of expressions of plant defence‐related genes showed that, starting from Phase  III , bacterial cells in the Type 3 and Type 4 colonies produced unidentified signals to induce host defence against  Tobacco mosaic virus  infection. In addition, we determined the crucial role of aggregates formation of  GJ ‐22 cell on plant phyllosphere in terms of bacterial cell stress tolerance and  ISR  (induced systemic resistance) priming. To our knowledge, this is the first report focused on the colonization process of a phyllosphere biocontrol agent and gave a clear description on the morphological shift of bacterial colony on phyllosphere.

microbial biotechnology

Characterization of  Rhodopseudomonas palustris  population dynamics on tobacco phyllosphere and induction of plant resistance to  Tobacco mosaic virus