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Summary   Serendipita vermifera  ssp.  bescii , hereafter referred to as  S. bescii , is a root‐associated fungus that promotes plant growth in both its native switchgrass host and a variety of monocots and dicots. Winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum  L.), a dual‐purpose crop, used for both forage and grain production, significantly contributes to the agricultural economies of the Southern Great Plains, USA. In this study, we investigated the influence of  S. bescii  on growth and transcriptome regulation of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) metabolism in winter wheat.  Serendipita bescii  significantly improved lateral root growth and forage biomass under a limited N or P regime. Further,  S. bescii  activated sets of host genes regulating N and P starvation responses. These genes include, root‐specific auxin transport, strigolactone and gibberellin biosynthesis, degradation of phospholipids and biosynthesis of glycerolipid, downregulation of ammonium transport and nitrate assimilation, restriction of protein degradation by autophagy and subsequent N remobilization. All these genes are hypothesized to regulate acquisition, assimilation and remobilization of N and P. Based on transcriptional level gene regulation and physiological responses to N or P limitation, we suggest  S. bescii  plays a critical role in modulating stress imposed by limitation of these two critical nutrients in winter wheat.

Serendipita bescii promotes winter wheat growth and modulates the host root transcriptome under phosphorus and nitrogen starvation