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NESM-&#x03B3; is an upper-limb exoskeleton to train motor functions of post-stroke patients. Based on the kinesiology of the upper limb, the NESM-&#x03B3; includes a four degrees-of-freedom (DOF) active kinematic chain for the shoulder and elbow, along with a passive chain for self-aligning robotic joint axes with the glenohumeral (GH) joint&#x2019;s center of rotation. The passive chain accounts for scapulohumeral rhythm and trunk rotations. To assess self-aligning performance, we analyzed the kinematic and electromyographic data of the shoulder in eight healthy subjects performing reaching tasks under three experimental conditions: moving without the exoskeleton ( baseline ), moving while wearing the exoskeleton with the passive DOFs properly functioning, i.e., unlocked ( human-in-the-loop(HIL)-unlocked ), and with the passive DOFs locked ( HIL-locked ). Comparison of  baseline  and  HIL-unlocked  conditions showed nearly unchanged anatomical movement patterns, with a root-mean-square error of shoulder angle lower than 5 deg and median deviations of the GH center of rotation below 20 mm. Peak muscle activations showed no significant differences. In contrast, the  HIL-locked  condition deviated significantly from the  baseline , as observed by the trunk and GH trajectory deviations up to 50 mm, accompanied by increased peak muscle activations in the Deltoid and Upper Trapezius muscles. These findings highlight the need for kinematic solutions in shoulder exoskeletons that can accommodate the movements of the entire shoulder complex and trunk to achieve kinematic compatibility.

A self-aligning upper-limb exoskeleton preserving natural shoulder movements: kinematic compatibility analysis