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The strive for efficient and cost-effective photovoltaic (PV) systems motivated the power electronic design developed here. The work resulted in a dc-dc converter for module integration and distributed maximum power point tracking (MPPT) with a novel adaptive control scheme. The latter is essential for the combined features of high energy efficiency and high power quality over a wide range of operating conditions. The switching frequency is optimally modulated as a function of solar irradiance for power conversion efficiency maximization. With the rise of irradiance, the frequency is reduced to reach the conversion efficiency target. A search algorithm is developed to determine the optimal switching frequency step. Reducing the switching frequency may, however, compromise MPPT efficiency. Furthermore, it leads to increased ripple content. Therefore, to achieve a uniform high power quality under all conditions, interleaved converter cells are adaptively activated. The overall cost is kept low by selecting components that allow for implementing the functions at low cost. Simulation results show the high value of the module integrated converter for dc standalone and microgrid applications. A 400-W prototype was implemented at 0.14 Euro/W. Testing showed efficiencies above 95 %, taking into account all losses from power conversion, MPPT, and measurement and control circuitry.

Irradiance-Adaptive PV Module Integrated Converter for High Efficiency and Power Quality in Standalone and DC Microgrid Applications