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We investigate the feasibility of a method of estimating liquid water path (LWP, the sum of liquid water paths of cloud and rain) over land using satellite-based Ka-band passive microwave measurements. Specifically, we utilize brightness temperatures at 36.5 GHz (TB36) from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E). TB36 is appropriate for liquid-only estimation as it is less affected by ice scattering compared to higher-frequency measurements. However, estimating LWP over land using TB36 is challenging due to weak cloud signals and strong and heterogeneous land radiation in TB36. To address this, our method (Le36) dynamically estimates land emissivity using lower-frequency (6.9 and 10.7 GHz) measurements from AMSR-E, minimizing land radiation errors. Synthetic simulations indicated that Le36 has high performance in cases of a wide range of LWPs (~8 kg/m 2 ) for cloud-only cases and range of about 1.5 ~ 8.0 kg/m 2  for cloud-plus-rain cases if the cloud top height (CT) is appropriately set. For cases without suitable CT settings, emphasis should be placed on high-CT clouds (&#x003E;8000 m). In real-case applications, Le36 estimates showed reasonable agreement with independent cloud radar products, even over land. Furthermore, a comparison between Le36 and a method using 89.0 GHz (Le89) reveals that Le36 outperforms Le89 for liquid-only estimation, while estimates from Le89 include ice scattering effects. This study highlights the promising performance of Ka-band LWP estimation over land by mitigating the ice scattering effect and suggests the potential for more detailed cloud water content estimation using the TB36-TB89 difference.

Feasibility of liquid water path estimation of over land using satellite-based Ka-band passive microwave data