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Massive multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) and heterogeneous networks (HetNets) have been recognized as key enabling technologies for future fifth generation (5G) mobile networks. However, the circuit power consumption of massive MIMO scales with the tremendous number of antennas. As a result, the problem of energy efficient user association in massive MIMO enabled HetNets is of vital importance. We investigate the energy efficient user association problem in massive MIMO enabled HetNets, and formulate the network logarithmic utility maximization problem. Based on the Lagrangian dual analysis, a low complexity distributed user association algorithm is developed for energy efficient fair user association while considering quality of service (QoS) provision for users. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in improving the energy efficiency and user fairness, compared to other user association algorithms.

Distributed Energy Efficient Fair User Association in Massive MIMO Enabled HetNets