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The ionospheric disturbances induced by the Falcon 9 rocket launch on 17 January 2016 were reconstructed by three-dimensional computerized ionospheric tomography (3DCIT) using observations from the North American GNSS networks. The results showed that concentric traveling ionospheric disturbances (CTIDs) occurred &#x223C;18 minutes after the rocket launch and were remarkable at 200-300 km altitudes. The vertical phase velocities of the CTIDs were consistent with the inclinations of the U-shaped structures. At specific azimuth directions of 350&#x00B0;, 30&#x00B0;, and 105&#x00B0;, the estimated vertical phase velocities between 100 km and 200 km altitudes were &#x223C;222.2 m&#x002F;s, &#x223C;208.3 m&#x002F;s, and &#x223C;242.4 m&#x002F;s, respectively. When the CTIDs propagated upward to 400-500 km altitudes, their vertical velocities increased to &#x223C;566.7 m&#x002F;s, &#x223C;966.7 m&#x002F;s, and &#x223C;944.4 m&#x002F;s. CTIDs traveling northward (azimuths 350&#x00B0;, 30&#x00B0;) had periods of &#x223C;11 minutes. At 200 km and 300 km altitudes, their horizontal phase velocities were &#x223C;309.9-323.3 m&#x002F;s and &#x223C;309.4-330.9 m&#x002F;s, respectively, with horizontal wavelengths of &#x223C;204.5-213.4 km and &#x223C;204.2-218.4 km. In contrast, CTIDs propagating eastward (azimuth 105&#x00B0;) displayed a period of &#x223C;15 minutes. At 200 km and 300 km altitudes, their horizontal phase velocities were &#x223C;223.2 m&#x002F;s and &#x223C;241.1 m&#x002F;s, respectively, with horizontal wavelengths of &#x223C;200.9 km and &#x223C;217.0 km. These CTIDs propagation characteristics agreed well with the theory of gravity waves (GWs).

Study on Four-dimensional Evolution of Concentric Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances after Falcon 9 Rocket Launch using Ionospheric Tomography