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Commercially available quantum computers are expected to reshape the world in the near future. They are said to break conventional cryptographic security mechanisms that are deeply embedded in our today&#x2019;s communication. Symmetric cryptography, such as AES, will withstand quantum attacks as long as the key sizes are doubled compared to today&#x2019;s key lengths. Asymmetric cryptographic procedures, e.g. RSA, however are broken. It is therefore necessary to change the way we assure our privacy by adopting and moving towards post-quantum cryptography (PQC) principles. In this work, we benchmark three PQC algorithms, Falcon, Dilithium, and Kyber. Moreover, we present an implementation of a PQC stack consisting of the algorithms Dilithium/Kyber and Falcon/Kyber which use hardware accelerators for some key functions and evaluate their performance and resource utilization. Regarding a classic server-client model, the computational load of the Dilithium/Kyber stack is distributed more equally among server and client. The stack Falcon/Kyber biases the computational challenges towards the server, hence relieving the client of performing costly operations. We found that Dilithium&#x2019;s advantage over Falcon is that Dilithium&#x2019;s execution is faster while the workload to be performed is distributed equally among client and server, whereas Falcon&#x2019;s advantage over Dilithium lies within the small signature sizes and the unequally distributed computational tasks. In a client server model with a performance limited client (i.e. Internet-of-Things - IoT - environments) Falcon could proof useful for it constrains the computational hard tasks to the server and leaves a minimal workload to the client. Furthermore, Falcon requires smaller bandwidth, making it a strong candidate for deep-edge or IoT applications.

Falcon/Kyber and Dilithium/Kyber Network Stack on Nvidia’s Data Processing Unit Platform