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Common features of many Internet of Things (IoT) networks are that devices: 1) work in an asynchronous manner, 2) are prone to fail, and 3) have reduced memory and need to operate in remote or inaccessible regions, where battery replacement or recharging is difficult. Traditional communication protocols are not designed to work under these conditions. In this paper, we present two novel gossip-based protocols designed to operate in asynchronous IoT networks, where any number of devices are allowed to fail (as long as the network remains minimally connected), and that require, in order to not compromise the efficiency and longevity of the devices, a low number of messages to be sent even when the devices have a reduced memory. The main difference between both protocols is related to their management of memory and number of messages sent (consumed energy). The first protocol (battery-efficient protocol) allows to reduce battery consumption while still having a good time performance, but needs quadratic memory, like traditional versions. The second protocol (memory-optimal protocol) only needs linear memory to store and manage the rumors, and is capable of significantly reducing the number of messages sent, while obtaining similar (or, in many cases, better) performance than the first protocol. Both protocols are formally proved to be correct, and upper and lower limits of their number of messages sent are determined. These theoretical limits, however, differ so much among them that they do not permit to guess the number of messages that a real case may require. Hence, the practical performance of both protocols is assessed with experiments.

Optimizing Gossiping for Asynchronous Fault-Prone IoT Networks with Memory and Battery Constraints