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This paper addresses the joint design of a beamformer and user-centric clustering for scalable cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF-mMIMO) under severe quantization noise generated in backhaul links for central processing units (CPUs) cooperation. The system model comes up with a plan in which multiple CPUs exchange physical layer data under limited bandwidth to enhance performance while introducing clustering across multiple CPUs. We derive the joint optimization of the minimum mean-square error (MMSE) beamformer and user-centric clustering under quantization noise, and propose its low-complexity design. The superiority of our proposed design method is clarified by comparing its performance with cellular distributed MIMO systems. Throughout the paper, we first answer the problem of how much gain CF-mMIMO systems with multiple CPUs cooperation can obtain.

Clustering and Beamforming for User-Centric Cell-Free Massive MIMO With Backhaul Capacity Limitation