High-Accuracy Generalized Average Model of Dual Active Bridge Converters

This paper presents a detailed procedure for deriving the generalized average model (GAM) of a dual active bridge converter. The proposed model incorporates higher orders of harmonic components to increase accuracy. Moreover, the turn ratio of the high-frequency transformer ( $N_{\mathrm{t}}$ ) is considered for realistic modeling, which removes the conventional assumption of unity turn ratio. A detailed model of the DAB will ensure an accurate control design. Required mathematical expressions are derived and explained thoroughly, with an example showcasing a GAM model of the DAB converter up to the ninth harmonics. Several GAM models using different harmonic orders (first, third, fifth, seventh, and ninth harmonics) are derived and compared to the PLECS simulation model and a real-time simulation of the DAB converter on the PLECS RT-Box-2. Results show that including up to the ninth harmonics in the proposed model of the DAB converter leads to achieving accurate voltage and current amplitudes that are almost identical to the simulation outputs and even better than the experimental results.