All-season Liquid Soil Moisture Retrieval from SMAP

In cold regions, the coexistence and interconversion of liquid water and ice in frozen soils have important implications for energy partitioning and surface runoff at the Earth's surface. Passive microwave remote sensing is crucial for global monitoring of soil moisture (SM). However, current research on SM focuses mainly on unfrozen soil conditions. Limited studies have been conducted on variations in soil liquid water content throughout the freezing season. This study investigated the potential use of brightness temperature (TB) observations from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite for retrieving all-season liquid SM. The single-channel algorithm (SCA) and the Zhang-Zhao dielectric model, which was specifically developed for freezing and thawing soils, achieved successful retrieval of liquid SM in both frozen and thawed soils, even when snow cover was present. The results indicate improved spatial coverage (during winter) and consistent spatial patterns in SM compared to the SMAP products. Validation at 17 SM networks suggests that the retrieved all-season liquid SM effectively captures the dynamic characteristics of each region with an average bias of 0.011 m 3 /m 3 , an average unbiased root mean square error (ubRMSE) of 0.056 m 3 /m 3 , and an average correlation coefficient of 0.76. The additional retrieval of unfrozen water content during the freezing season would enhance the monitoring and understanding of the hydrological cycle and energy balance in cold regions.