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The lowest-energy excitations of superconductors do not carry an electriccharge, as their wave function is equally electron-like and hole-like. Thisfundamental property is not easy to study in electrical measurements that relyon the charge to generate an observable signal. The ability of a quantum dot toact as a charge filter enables us to solve this problem and measure thequasiparticle charge in superconducting-semiconducting hybrid nanowireheterostructures. We report measurements on a three-terminal circuit, in whichan injection lead excites a non-equilibrium quasiparticle distribution in thehybrid system, and the electron or hole component of the resultingquasiparticles is detected using a quantum dot as a tunable charge and energyfilter. The results verify the chargeless nature of the quasiparticles at thegap edge and reveal the complete relaxation of injected charge and energy in aproximitized nanowire, resolving open questions in previous three-terminalexperiments.

Nonlocal measurement of quasiparticle charge and energy relaxation in proximitized semiconductor nanowires using quantum dots