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The AB 5  cytotoxins are important virulence factors in  Escherichia coli . The most notable members of the AB 5  toxin families include Shiga toxin families 1 (Stx 1 ) and 2 (Stx 2 ), which are associated with enterohaemorrhagic  E. coli infections causing haemolytic uraemic syndrome and haemorrhagic colitis. The subAB toxins are the newest and least well understood members of the AB 5  toxin gene family. The subtilase toxin genes are divided into a plasmid-based variant,  subAB1 , originally described in enterohaemorrhagic  E. coli O113:H21, and distinct chromosomal variants,  subAB2 , that reside in pathogenicity islands encoding additional virulence effectors. Previously we identified a chromosomal  subAB2  operon within an  E. coli ST58 strain IBS28 (ONT:H25) taken from a wild ibis nest at an inland wetland in New South Wales, Australia. Here we show the  subAB2  toxin operon comprised part of a 140 kb tRNA–Phe chromosomal island that co-hosted  tia , encoding an outer-membrane protein that confers an adherence and invasion phenotype and additional virulence and accessory genetic content that potentially originated from known virulence island SE-PAI. This island shared a common evolutionary history with a secondary 90 kb tRNA–Phe pathogenicity island that was presumably generated via a duplication event. IBS28 is closely related [200 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)] to four North American ST58 strains. The close relationship between North American isolates of ST58 and IBS28 was further supported by the identification of the only copy of a unique variant of IS26 within the O-antigen gene cluster. Strain ISB28 may be a historically important  E. coli ST58 genome sequence hosting a progenitor pathogenicity island encoding  subAB .

Duplication and diversification of a unique chromosomal virulence island hosting the subtilase cytotoxin in Escherichia coli ST58