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A novel online distillation technique was developed for the XENON1T darkmatter experiment to reduce intrinsic background components more volatile thanxenon, such as krypton or argon, while the detector was operating. The methodis based on a continuous purification of the gaseous volume of the detectorsystem using the XENON1T cryogenic distillation column. A krypton-in-xenonconcentration of $(360 \pm 60)$ ppq was achieved. It is the lowestconcentration measured in the fiducial volume of an operating dark matterdetector to date. A model was developed and fit to the data to describe thekrypton evolution in the liquid and gas volumes of the detector system forseveral operation modes over the time span of 550 days, including thecommissioning and science runs of XENON1T. The online distillation was alsosuccessfully applied to remove Ar-37 after its injection for a low energycalibration in XENON1T. This makes the usage of Ar-37 as a regular calibrationsource possible in the future. The online distillation can be applied tonext-generation experiments to remove krypton prior to, or during, any sciencerun. The model developed here allows further optimization of the distillationstrategy for future large scale detectors.

Application and modeling of an online distillation method to reduce krypton and argon in XENON1T