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There are two alternative pathways by which inverted repeat sequences in supercoiled DNA molecules may extrude cruciform structures, called C-type and S-type. S-type cruciforms, which form the great majority, are characterised by absolute requirement for cations to promote extrusion, which then proceeds at higher temperatures and with lower activation parameters than for C-type cruciforms. The mechanism proposed for S-type extrusion involves an initial opening of basepairs limited to the centre of the inverted repeat, formation of intra-strand basepairing and a four-way junction, and finally branch migration to the fully extruded cruciform. The model predicts that central sequence changes will be more kinetically significant than those removed from the centre. We have studied the kinetics of cruciform extrusion by a series of inverted repeats related to that of pIRbke8 by either one or two mutations in the symmetric unit. We find that mutations in the central 8 to 10 nucleotides may profoundly affect extrusion rates--the fastest being 2000-fold faster than the slowest, whereas mutations further from the centre affect rates to a much smaller extent, typically up to ten-fold. These data support the proposed mechanism for extrusion via central opening.

The mechanism of cruciform formation in supercoiled DNA: initial opening of central basepairs in salt-dependent extrusion