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Oestrogen treatments are neuroprotective in a variety of neurodegenerative disease models. Selective oestrogen receptor modifiers are needed to optimize beneficial effects while minimizing adverse effects to achieve neuroprotection in chronic diseases. Oestrogen receptor beta (ER&amp;beta;) ligands are potential candidates. In the multiple sclerosis model chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, ER&amp;beta;-ligand treatment is neuroprotective, but mechanisms underlying this neuroprotection remain unclear. Specifically, whether there are direct effects of ER&amp;beta;-ligand on CD11c&amp;plus; microglia, myeloid dendritic cells or macrophages in&amp;nbsp;vivo during disease is unknown. Here, we generated mice with ER&amp;beta; deleted from CD11c&amp;plus; cells to show direct effects of ER&amp;beta;-ligand treatment in&amp;nbsp;vivo on these cells to mediate neuroprotection during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Further, we use bone marrow chimeras to show that ER&amp;beta; in peripherally derived myeloid cells, not resident microglia, are the CD11c&amp;plus; cells mediating this protection. CD11c&amp;plus; dendritic cell and macrophages isolated from the central nervous system of wild-type experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice treated with ER&amp;beta;-ligand expressed less iNOS and T-bet, but more IL-10, and this treatment effect was lost in mice with specific deletion of ER&amp;beta; in CD11c&amp;plus; cells. Also, we extend previous reports of ER&amp;beta;-ligand&amp;rsquo;s ability to enhance remyelination through a direct effect on oligodendrocytes by showing that the immunomodulatory effect of ER&amp;beta;-ligand acting on CD11c&amp;plus; cells is necessary to permit the maturation of oligodendrocytes. Together these results demonstrate that targeting ER&amp;beta; signalling pathways in CD11c&amp;plus; myeloid cells is a novel strategy for regulation of the innate immune system in neurodegenerative diseases. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing how direct effects of a candidate neuroprotective treatment on two distinct cell lineages (bone marrow derived myeloid cells and oligodendrocytes) can have complementary neuroprotective effects in&amp;nbsp;vivo.awx315media15688130498001.

Oestrogen receptor β ligand acts on CD11c+ cells to mediate protection in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis