Suppressing spinodal decomposition by incorporation of reduced graphene oxide into (Sn0.5Ti0.5)O2 solid solution

Here, it is found that the incorporation of rGO into (Sn 0.5 Ti 0.5 )O 2 solid solution suppresses spinodal decomposition via two characteristic routes. First, the addition of rGO to the solid solution leads to the compositional change from (Sn 0.5 Ti 0.5 )O 2 to (Sn 0.1 Ti 0.9 )O 2 moving out of the miscibility gap at SnO 2 -TiO 2 phase diagram, which suppresses spinodal decomposition. The results indicate that addition of rGO promotes reduction and evaporation of SnO 2 during heat treatment. Secondly, the incorporation of rGO is found to produce the solid solution with lower Sn and Ti valences and more oxygen vacancies, which can also suppress spinodal decomposition.