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Development and manufacturing of high quality cast parts with tight dimensional requirements depend to a large extent on the stability and application of the sand cores. The core-sand is based on a complex granular multi-material system, where curing of an organic or inorganic system bond the grains into a porous core. The chosen combination of sand and binder determines the thermo-mechanical properties of the core. The paper provides an overview of current modelling capabilities along the life cycle of sand cores. A detailed analysis of the production steps is presented as well as the resulting properties linked to the application in the casting process. Several questions and some answers are given to the understanding of core related defects and how simulation can bridge the gap between core production and application of cores in the casting process. Today, process simulation of sand core production is an accepted tool for core box design and prediction of robust production conditions. The first modelling step is core shooting where expanding air is the driving force for sand flow from a core shooting machine into the core box. Coupled two phase flow modelling of air and granular material is required to represent the process sufficiently. The final process step in core manufacturing is core curing and moisture transport where porous media gas flow modelling is applied. Phase transformations as well as the relevant transport phenomena and the complete heat balance in case of thermally controlled processes need to be considered. During casting the deformation of the bonded sand material is generally governed by thermal expansion, phase transformation and the location of core prints. For long thin walled cores, buoyancy forces due to density differences between the cast material and the bonded sand material can play an important role due to creep effects in the organic binder systems. For inorganic systems moisture content and moisture transport during casting are affecting the mechanical behaviour, such as bending strength. The paper presents a detailed overview of a recent implemented soil plasticity model which is calibrated for different binder systems and sand types. The data are based on comprehensive mechanical tests to provide temperature, moisture and time dependent input data for the shown examples. This includes new steps and future challenges in modelling the anisotropy of printed sand cores and digitalization of the foundry in general.

The virtual core - modelling and optimization of core manufacturing and application