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This article reports on the effect of the initial phase composition (martensitic, patented, spheroidized) of the middle carbon steel C45 (0.45 wt.% C) on grain refinement during high-pressure torsion (HPT) at elevated temperature. It is established that the cementite dissolution and the final grain size after HPT strongly depend on the processing regime, as well as on the cementite morphology in the initial state of the steel. As result of this study, new approaches to obtain a very high-strength state in carbon steels have been proposed.

Effects of grain refinement by HPT processing in carbon steel with various cementite morphology