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This paper examines environmental issues from the point of view of historical geology and geoecology. The territory of the Caspian region has undergone many geological and geographical changes for more than 180 million years. The waters of the Tethys ocean covering the entire region gradually regressed. One of the remnants of the ocean is the Caspian (Khazar) sea. The Caspian Sea has also undergone many changes. If in the Quaternary period it washed the Ergeninsky upland, then now it has gone 300 km south of the coastline. The history of the Caspian Sea is very interesting and entertaining. The tribes that lived on the territory of the Caspian Sea, from the Scythians to the descendants of Genghis Khan, were mainly engaged in cattle breeding. They mainly bred horses and sheep intended for long-distance raids on this territory. At different times and eras, the livestock in the studied area varied, it was about 2 million or more animal units. For more than 30,000 years, the soil layer has been destroyed. If 200 years ago the territory of the Caspian lowland and especially the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia were blooming, then for more than 2-3 centuries this zone has changed a lot. The peak of degradation of the soil layer occurred in the 1960-1980s. One of the reasons for the destruction of the natural balance is the system of land reclamation, widely carried out in the 20th century.  The purpose  of this research is to analyze the process of soil degradation, landscape changes, and gully-girder system over the past 30 centuries.  To solve  this problem, we used the materials of archaeological expeditions conducted by scientists of the Kalmyk University, as well as information available in open sources.  The hypothesis  accepted for the study was the system of nature variability with consideration for the influence of other factors. The destruction of the soil layer and its degradation led to the formation of the Sahel belt on the territory of the Republic. Another part of the accepted  hypothesis  was the system of equilibrium in nature, entropy. Any of these disruptions can lead to adverse consequences. Such consequences are not yet fully understood. The obtained data will  allow  us to assess the current environmental status of the study area.

Analysis of Palaeoecological Factors in Shaping Modern Landscape of Republic of Kalmykia