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The Baihetan hydropower station is mainly situated in the basalt formations of Mount Emei (Sichuan Province, China). During the excavation process, basalt has shown some special mechanical characteristics. In this study, the deformation and failure characteristics of basalt are investigated via laboratory tests (uniaxial and triaxial compression tests on blocky basalt samples) and field deformation tests (rigid bearing plates applied  in situ  to columnar jointed basalt). The information gathered is then analyzed to reveal the mechanisms responsible for the failure of basalt. Results show that (1) the stress–strain curves of cryptocrystalline basalt are essentially linear in the pre-peak region and the stress drops rapidly in the post-peak region. The failure mode of the rock changes from being fragmentation-dominated under low–medium confining pressure to fragmentation–shear composite failure under high confining pressure. (2) In the post-peak region, amygdaloidal basalt exhibits brittle mechanical behavior under low confining pressure and ductile behavior under high confining pressure. In terms of failure mode, the basalt transforms from splitting failure under low confining pressure to shear failure under medium–high confining pressure. (3) The deformation moduli measured during field tests with rigid bearing plates are spread over a large range and are influenced by various factors (including column nature, lumpiness, loading direction, unloading-induced relaxation, and stress state). (4) The deformation moduli of the rock masses of Classes II, III 1 , and III 2  successively decrease and exhibit significant anisotropy.

Experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of basalt in the Baihetan hydropower station region in China