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Distribution and abundance of rare earth elements in Volchansky Spa of CO 2 -rich mineral waters and REE fractionation during the formation of Fe 2 O 3  precipitates on the Sakhalin Island (the Far East of Russia) were studied. The main common features of waters are Na-Cl-HCO 3  hydrochemical type, high total dissolved solids (5.4-6.5 g/L), a slightly alkaline pH (6.4-6.5), and reduced conditions (Eh from -181 to -110 mV). The NASC-normalized patterns of groundwaters are characterized by HREE enrichments, negative Ce and positive Eu anomalies. The explanation for the HREE-enriched pattern is that the HREEs form stronger complexes with ligands in solution than do the LREE. Mineral precipitates are presented by Fe-oxides and ΣREE concentrations significantly higher compared to those of the original waters. The slight negative Ce and positive Eu anomalies are also found in the precipitates and these values are very similar to those of the original CO2-rich waters. It is point out that mineral precipitates are unfractionated or slightly fractionated in comparison to the mineral waters.

Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements in Volchansky CO2-Rich Mineral Water and Mineral Precipitations (Sakhalin Island, Far East of Russia)