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The CMS Inner Tracker, made of silicon pixel modules, will  be entirely replaced prior to the start of the High Luminosity LHC  period. One of the crucial components of the new Inner Tracker  system is the readout chip, being developed by the RD53  Collaboration, and in particular its analogue front-end, which  receives the signal from the sensor and digitizes it. Three  different analogue front-ends (Synchronous, Linear, and  Differential) were designed and implemented in the RD53A  demonstrator chip. A dedicated evaluation program was carried out to  select the most suitable design to build a radiation tolerant pixel  detector able to sustain high particle rates with high efficiency  and a small fraction of spurious pixel hits. The test results showed  that all three analogue front-ends presented strong points, but also  limitations. The Differential front-end demonstrated very low noise,  but the threshold tuning became problematic after  irradiation. Moreover, a saturation in the preamplifier feedback  loop affected the return of the signal to baseline and thus  increased the dead time. The Synchronous front-end showed very good  timing performance, but also higher noise. For the Linear front-end  all of the parameters were within specification, although this  design had the largest time walk. This limitation was addressed and  mitigated in an improved design.  The analysis of the advantages and  disadvantages of the three front-ends in the context of the CMS  Inner Tracker operation requirements led to the selection of the  improved design Linear front-end for integration in the final CMS  readout chip.

Comparative evaluation of analogue front-end designs for the CMS Inner Tracker at the High Luminosity LHC