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Two 6-t beam dumps, made of a graphite core encapsulated in a stainless steelvessel, are used to absorb the energy of the two Large Hadron Collider (LHC)intense proton beams during operation of the accelerator. Operational issuesstarted to appear in 2015 during LHC Run 2 (2014-2018) as a consequence of theprogressive increase of the LHC beam kinetic energy, necessitating technicalinterventions in the highly radioactive areas around the dumps. Nitrogen gasleaks appeared after highly energetic beam impacts and instrumentationmeasurements indicated an initially unforeseen movement of the dumps. Acomputer modelling analysis campaign was launched to understand the origin ofthese issues, including both Monte Carlo simulations to model the proton beaminteraction as well as advanced thermo-mechanical analyses. The main findingswere that the amount of instantaneous energy deposited in the dump vessel leadsto a strong dynamic response of the whole dump and high accelerations (above2000g). Based on these findings, an upgraded design, including a new supportsystem and beam windows, was implemented to ensure the dumps' compatibilitywith the more intense beams foreseen during LHC Run 3 (2022-2025) of 539 MJ perbeam. In this paper an integral overview of the operational behaviour of thedumps and the upgraded configurations are discussed.

Design and behaviour of the Large Hadron Collider external beam dumps capable of receiving 539 MJ/dump