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The study describes gender differences in mathematics academic performance among high school students in western China. In this study, two research frameworks, knowledge structure and ability structure, were constructed to analyze the scores of western high school mathematics academic proficiency test, and the conclusion was drawn: female students’ mathematics academic performance in high school was significantly better than male students’; in sets, complex numbers, plane vectors, statistics, trigonometric functions, analytic geometry and functional knowledge modules, female students were significantly better than male students. There were no significant differences between male students and female students in common logic, inequalities, algorithms, probability, sequence, solid geometry and derivative knowledge modules. In terms of basic skills, mathematical operations and data analysis, female students were significantly better than male students. There were no significant differences between male students and female students in mathematical abstraction, logical reasoning and intuitive imagination. The design of mathematics curriculum and mathematics test should consider gender factors to ensure fairness.

Gender differences in mathematics academic performance of high school students in western China