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As the basic content of digital image processing, edge detection is increasingly applied in machine vision, face recognition, target tracking and other fields. In particular, edge detection based on Sobel operator is generally applied in industrial practices. However, most current edge detections based on PC-side serial processing are extremely arduous to satisfy real-time processing. This paper proposes FPGA implementation of eight-direction Sobel edge detection algorithm based on adaptive threshold. Specifically, an eight-direction Sobel edge detection algorithm based on adaptive threshold is presented. Subsequently, the specific process of implementing the algorithm on FPGA using the design philosophy of parallel pipeline is described. Finally, a comparison of the performance between traditional Sobel and improved algorithm reveals that the improved algorithm offers distinct advantages in accuracy and detection effectiveness, and the parallel implementation of FPGA hardware can obviously enhance the detection speed and fulfil the real-time requirement.