English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

In this paper, we present a novel approach to realizing a battery-free soil pro le probe that uses the temperature difference between the near-surface air and the underground soil as its power source. Temperature changes in the underground soil are slower than that in the near-surface air, and thus a large temperature difference exists between the near-surface air and the underground soil for most of the day. We develop a sensor prototype driven by a thermoelectric generator (TEG) that directly converts this temperature difference into electricity. Simulations are performed using real eld data, and results show that our prototype can harvest an average of several tens to several hundreds of microwatts. Because the typical sensing interval of a soil pro le probe is 1 h, the average power consumption (e.g., for a Texas Instruments CC2650) is about 5 µW, which is much lower than the expected amount of harvested energy. Furthermore, the results of an experimental implementation of the prototype proved that when the temperature difference between the near-surface air and the underground soil is only 3 K, which is much lower than the average temperature difference in an actual eld, the measured output power exceeds 80 µW.

Design and implementation of a soil profile probe powered by air and soil temperature differences