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We formulate an active-gel theory for multicellular migration in theextra-cellular matrix (ECM). The cells are modeled as an active, polar solvent,and the ECM as a viscoelastic solid. Our theory enables to analyze the dynamicreciprocity between the migrating cells and their environment in terms ofdistinct relative forces and alignment mechanisms. We analyze the linearstability of polar cells migrating homogeneously in the ECM. Our theorypredicts that, as a consequence of cell-matrix alignment, contractile cellsmigrate homogeneously for small wave vectors, while sufficiently extensilecells migrate in domains. Homogeneous cell migration of both extensile andcontractile cells may be unstable for larger wave vectors, due to active forcesand the alignment of cells with their concentration gradient. These mechanismsare stabilized by cellular alignment to the migration flow and matrixstiffness. They are expected to be suppressed entirely for rigid matrices withelastic moduli of order 10 kPa. Our theory should be useful in analyzingmulticellular migration and ECM patterning at the mesoscopic scale.

Active-gel Theory for Multicellular Migration of Polar Cells in the Extra-cellular Matrix