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Virtual Reality Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) reached the consumer market and are used for learning purposes. Risks regarding visual fatigue and high cognitive load arise while using HMDs. These risks could impact learning efficiency. Visual fatigue and cognitive load can be measured with eye tracking, a technique that is progressively implemented in HMDs. Thus, we investigate how to assess visual fatigue and cognitive load via eye tracking. We conducted this review based on five research questions. We first described visual fatigue and possible cognitive overload while learning with HMDs. The review indicates that visual fatigue can be measured with blinks and cognitive load with pupil diameter based on thirty-seven included papers. Yet, distinguishing visual fatigue from cognitive load with such measures is challenging due to possible links between them. Despite measure interpretation issues, eye tracking is promising for live assessment. More researches are needed to make data interpretation more robust and document human factor risks when learning with HMDs.

Measuring Visual Fatigue and Cognitive Load via Eye Tracking while Learning with Virtual Reality Head-Mounted Displays: A Review