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China’s opening and reform process was constituted as a temporal phase of its Sonderweg, centered on the symbiosis with the West. It also included a centrifugal effect stemming from the “unipolar” appearance of the international system, yet temporalised differently from the retentional-protentional “now” of the symbiosis. China's symbiosis-phase can be defined as a modus vivendi, conducted on selective and partial integration through “reframing” and rendering its authoritarianism a guarantee for the sustainability of the selected symbiotic elements which in turn shielded the authoritarianism that Beijing de facto equated to “authenticity.” However, a new temporal phase of the Sonderweg emerged when the centrifugal effect was transferred from its anticipatory horizon into the retentional-protentional field, as the main elements of the symbiosis faced erosion. This re-temporalisation engendered a systemic challenge through expansionism and promotion of the authoritarianism with a “multipolarist” discourse . The BRI appears as the most visible, encompassing and transformative content framework of this new phase. However, it faces three serious impasses: An inter-multipolarist one in the “Belt” area, a systemic one with the emerging reaction and mobilization of the democracies in the “Road” area and one pertaining to the viability of the BRI due to its conduct.

Zheng-He’s new voyage: The BRI and the three impasses of the Chinese Sonderweg ’s new temporal phase