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Significance Desiccation tolerance likely evolved independently several times in grasses, providing an ideal comparative system to identify genetic elements controlling this trait. Using comparative genomics, we identified genomic and expression changes distinguishing the desiccation-tolerant grassEragrostis nindensis from its desiccation-sensitive crop relativeEragrostis tef . We expanded these analyses to include several cereals to identify broadly conserved and divergent patterns during water stress. We found that the distinction between drought and desiccation in grasses is subtle, where genes with essential roles in seed development are broadly expressed under water stress. Thus we propose that seeds and leaves share common sets of coregulated genes of likely ancient origin, with only a few genes uniquely expressed for desiccation tolerance.

Intertwined signatures of desiccation and drought tolerance in grasses