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During chronic injury a population of bipotent hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) becomeactivated to regenerate both cholangiocytes and hepatocytes. Here we show in human diseasedliver and mouse models of the ductular reaction that Notch and Wnt signaling directspecification of HPCs via their interactions with activated myofibroblasts or macrophages. Inparticular, we found that during biliary regeneration, expression of Jagged 1 (a Notch ligand)by myofibroblasts promoted Notch signaling in HPCs and thus their biliary specification tocholangiocytes. Alternatively, during hepatocyte regeneration, macrophage engulfment ofhepatocyte debris induced Wnt3a expression. This resulted in canonical Wnt signaling in nearby HPCs, thus maintaining expression of Numb (a cell fate determinant) within these cells and the promotion of their specification to hepatocytes. By these two pathways adult parenchymal regeneration during chronic liver injury is promoted.

Macrophage-derived Wnt opposes Notch signaling to specify hepatic progenitor cell fate in chronic liver disease