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Ultracold atoms in optical lattices have great potential to contribute to abetter understanding of some of the most important issues in many-body physics,such as high-$T_c$ superconductivity. The Hubbard model describes many of thefeatures shared by the copper oxides, including an interaction-driven Mottinsulating state and an antiferromagnetic (AFM) state. Optical lattices filledwith a two-spin-component Fermi gas of ultracold atoms can faithfully realisethe Hubbard model with readily tunable parameters, and thus provide a platformfor the systematic exploration of its phase diagram. Realisation of stronglycorrelated phases, however, has been hindered by the need to cool the atoms totemperatures as low as the magnetic exchange energy, and also by the lack ofreliable thermometry. Here we demonstrate spin-sensitive Bragg scattering oflight to measure AFM spin correlations in a realisation of the 3D Hubbard modelat temperatures down to 1.4 times that of the AFM phase transition. Thistemperature regime is beyond the range of validity of a simple high-temperatureseries expansion, which brings our experiment close to the limit of thecapabilities of current numerical techniques. We reach these low temperaturesusing a unique compensated optical lattice technique, in which the confinementof each lattice beam is compensated by a blue-detuned laser beam. Thetemperature of the atoms in the lattice is deduced by comparing the lightscattering to determinantal quantum Monte Carlo and numerical linked-clusterexpansion calculations. Further refinement of the compensated lattice mayproduce even lower temperatures which, along with light scattering thermometry,would open avenues for achieving and characterising other novel quantum statesof matter, such as the pseudogap regime of the 2D Hubbard model.

Observation of antiferromagnetic correlations in the Hubbard model with ultracold atoms