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Graphene is impermeable to all gases and liquids, and even such a small atomas hydrogen is not expected to penetrate through graphene's dense electroniccloud within billions of years. Here we show that monolayers of graphene andhexagonal boron nitride (hBN) are unexpectedly permeable to thermal protons,hydrogen ions under ambient conditions. As a reference, no proton transportcould be detected for a monolayer of molybdenum disulfide, bilayer graphene ormultilayer hBN. At room temperature, monolayer hBN exhibits the highest protonconductivity with a low activation energy of about 0.3 eV but graphene becomesa better conductor at elevated temperatures such that its resistivity to protonflow is estimated to fall below 10^-3 Ohm per cm2 above 250 C. The protonbarriers can be further reduced by decorating monolayers with catalyticnanoparticles. These atomically thin proton conductors could be of interest formany hydrogen-based technologies.

Proton transport through one atom thick crystals