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Over 85% of all chemical industry products are made using catalysts, with theoverwhelming majority of these employing heterogeneous catalysts functioning atthe gas-solid interface. Consequently, optimizing catalytic reactor designattracts much effort. Such optimization relies on heat transfer and fluiddynamics modeling coupled to surface reaction kinetics. The complexity of thesesystems demands many approximations, which can only be tested with experimentalobservations of quantities such as temperature, pressure, concentrations, flowrates, etc. One essential measurement is a map of the spatial variation intemperature throughout the catalyst bed. We present here the first non-invasivemaps of gas temperatures in catalyst-filled reactors, including high spatialresolution maps in microreactors enabled by parahydrogen. The thermal mapsreveal energy flux patterns whose length scale correlates with the catalystpacking. By exploiting the motional averaging under a weak appliedmagnetic-field gradient, the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) linewidths areinversely proportional to temperature. Measurements during the hydrogenation ofpropylene in reactors packed with metal nanoparticles and metal-organicframework catalysts yield temperature coefficients of ~0.1 Hz/K, andtemperature error <4%. Temperature sensitivity increases with gradientstrength, enabling tuning of precision.

Thermal Maps of Gases in Heterogeneous Reactions