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Broad X-ray emission lines from neutral and partially ionized iron observedin active galaxies have been interpreted as fluorescence produced by thereflection of hard X-rays off the inner edge of an accretion disk. In thismodel, line broadening and distortion result from rapid rotation andrelativistic effects near the black hole, the line shape being sensitive to itsspin. Alternative models in which the distortions result from absorption byintervening structures provide an equally good description of the data, andthere has been no general agreement on which is correct. Recent claims that theblack hole (2E6 solar masses) at the centre of the galaxy NGC 1365 is rotatingat close to its maximum possible speed rest on the assumption of relativisticreflection. Here we report X-ray observations of NGC 1365 that reveal therelativistic disk features through broadened Fe line emission and an associatedCompton scattering excess of 10-30 keV. Using temporal and spectral analyses,we disentangle continuum changes due to time-variable absorption fromreflection, which we find arises from a region within 2.5 gravitational radiiof the rapidly spinning black hole. Absorption-dominated models that do notinclude relativistic disk reflection can be ruled out both statistically and onphysical grounds.

A rapidly spinning supermassive black hole at the centre of NGC 1365