Open AccessIntumescent-Grafted Bamboo Charcoal: A Natural Nontoxic Fire-Retardant Filler for Polylactic Acid (PLA) Composites
Author(s) -
Liang Zhang,
Weisheng Chai,
Wenzhu Li,
Kate Semple,
Ningning Yin,
Wenbiao Zhang,
Chunping Dai
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
acs omega
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
SCImago Journal Rank - 0.779
H-Index - 40
ISSN - 2470-1343
DOI - 10.1021/acsomega.1c03393
Subject(s) - fire retardant , polylactic acid , materials science , composite material , intumescent , limiting oxygen index , char , biochar , bamboo charcoal , composite number , polymer , pyrolysis , fiber , chemistry , organic chemistry
In this work, an alternative flame-retardant filler based on phosphate- and urea-grafted bamboo charcoal (BC-m) at 10-30 wt % addition was aimed at improving the flame retardancy of polylactic acid (PLA) composites. The filler caused only a small reduction in strength properties but a slight increase in the modulus of elasticity of PLA composites. BC-m significantly improved the flame-retardant performance compared with pure BC. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) was 28.0 vol % when 10 wt % of BC-m was added, and 32.1 vol % for 30 wt % addition, which was much greater than the value of 22.5 vol % for 30 wt % pure BC. Unlike pure BC, adding BC-m at 20 wt % or more gave a UL-94 vertical flame test rating of V-0 with significantly reduced melt dripping. The peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) of BC-m/PLA composites decreased by more than 50% compared with pure PLA, and the values for 20% BC-m were significantly less than that for 25% BC addition. The grafted biochar-based system provides an effective flame retardancy effect by a condensed-phase protective barrier through the rapid formation of a dense, honeycomb-like cross-linked carbonized char layer. The results suggest a promising route to enhancing the flame-retardant properties of biodegradable polymer composites using nontoxic, more environmentally friendly grafted biochar.