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The ability to routinely identify and quantify the complete proteome from single cells will greatly advance medicine and basic biology research. To meet this challenge of single-cell proteomics, single-molecule technologies are being developed and improved. Most approaches, to date, rely on the analysis of polypeptides, resulting from digested proteins, either in solution or immobilized on a surface. Nanopore biosensing is an emerging single-molecule technique that circumvents surface immobilization and is optimally suited for the analysis of long biopolymers, as has already been shown for DNA sequencing. However, proteins, unlike DNA molecules, are not uniformly charged and harbor complex tertiary structures. Consequently, the ability of nanopores to analyze unfolded full-length proteins has remained elusive. Here, we evaluate the use of heat denaturation and the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to facilitate electrokinetic nanopore sensing of unfolded proteins. Specifically, we characterize the voltage dependence translocation dynamics of a wide molecular weight range of proteins (from 14 to 130 kDa) through sub-5 nm solid-state nanopores, using a SDS concentration below the critical micelle concentration. Our results suggest that proteins' translocation dynamics are significantly slower than expected, presumably due to the smaller nanopore diameters used in our study and the role of the electroosmotic force opposing the translocation direction. This allows us to distinguish among the proteins of different molecular weights based on their dwell time and electrical charge deficit. Given the simplicity of the protein denaturation assay and circumvention of the tailor-made necessities for sensing protein of different folded sizes, shapes, and charges, this approach can facilitate the development of a whole proteome identification technique.

Single-File Translocation Dynamics of SDS-Denatured, Whole Proteins through Sub-5 nm Solid-State Nanopores