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Two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene, are seen as potentialcandidates for fabricating electronic devices and circuits on flexiblesubstrates. Inks or dispersions of 2D materials can be deposited on flexiblesubstrates by large-scale coating techniques, such as inkjet printing and spraycoating. One of the main issues in coating processes is nonuniform depositionof inks, which may lead to large variations of properties across thesubstrates. Here, we investigate the role of surface morphology on theperformance of graphene ink deposited on different paper substrates withspecific top coatings. Substrates with good wetting properties result inreproducible thin films and electrical properties with low sheet resistance.The correct choice of surface morphology enables high-performance films withoutpostdeposition annealing or treatment. Scanning terahertz time-domainspectroscopy (THz-TDS) is introduced to evaluate both the uniformity and thelocal conductivity of graphene inks on paper. A paper-based strain gauge isdemonstrated and a variable resistor acts as an on-off switch for operating anLED. Customized surfaces can thus help in unleashing the full potential ofink-based 2D materials.

Role of substrate surface morphology on the performance of graphene inks for flexible electronics