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Nasopharyngeal carriage of potential pathogens was studied in 425 healthy 3- to 6-year-old children attending 16 day-care centres (DCCs) in nine Czech cities during the winter 2004–2005. The overall carriage of pathogens was 62·8% ( Streptococcus pneumoniae , 38·1%;  Haemophilus influenzae , 24·9%;  Moraxella catarrhalis , 22·1%;  Staphylococcus aureus , 16%). An age-related downward trend was observed for colonization with respiratory pathogens in contrast to  Staph. aureus  whose carriage was significantly higher among older children. The following serotypes of colonizing  S. pneumoniae  were the most predominant: 23F (20·6%), 6A (15·1%), 6B (12·7%), 18C (7·8%), 15B and 19F (6% each). The majority (94·3%) of  H. influenzae  isolates were non-typable; among capsulated isolates, serotype b was not found. Decreased susceptibility to penicillin was determined in 3% of pneumococci; 4·6% of  H. influenzae  strains and 85·1% of  M. catarrhalis  strains produced β-lactamase. As for non-β-lactam antibiotics, pneumococci resistant to trimethoprim–sulphamethoxazole were the most common (15·7%) among the attendees.

epidemiology and infection

Characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the nasopharynx of healthy children attending day-care centres in the Czech Republic